КУЛЬТУРНО-ТИПОЛОГІЧНА ТА ХРОНОЛОГІЧНА ІНТЕРПРЕТАЦІЯ НИЖНІХ КУЛЬТУРНИХ ШАРІВ СТОЯНКИ КУЛИЧІВКА
Зроблено спробу коротко проаналізувати хронологічні, територіальні та культурні аналогії для нижніх (IV і ІІІ) культурних горизонтів багатошарової стоянки Куличівка у м. Кременці на Тернопільщині. Увагу зосереджено виключно на пам’ятках періоду переходу від середнього до верхнього палеоліту (далі СП-ВП), які є близькими до матеріалів Куличівки у техніко-топологічному або територіально-хронологічному аспектах.
Розглянуто синхронні індустрії з суміжних регіонів: басейну Дністра, з Волині, Поділля та Закарпаття, а також з віддаленіших територій – басейну Дніпра, Донбасу, Кримського півострова, Костьонківсько-Борщівського палеолітичного осередку. Однак найближчі аналогії для матеріалів нижніх шарів Куличівки автори вбачають у пам’ятках індустрії Богуніце (Чехія), або у ширшому розумінні – комплексу Еміран–Богуніце, поширеному на території від Близького Сходу до Сибіру та Північного Китаю. З богуніцькими стоянками Куличівку єднають не лише спільні риси у техніці виготовлення знарядь праці, але й планіграфічні особливості розташування стоянок та близькість до виходів якісної сировини – у випадку Куличівки це т. зв. волинський кремінь.
Також у публікації проаналізовано існуючі техніко-типологічні інтерпретації нижніх шарів пам’ятки, зроблені В. Савичем, В. Степанчуком та В. Коеном, М. Аніковичем, Л. Меньян, Ж.‑М. Женестом, Л. Кулаковською та О. Ситником.
Розглядаючи питання ґенези палеолітичних поселень на г. Куличівка доби СП-ВП, автори віддають перевагу гіпотезі про міграційний зв’язок з центральноєвропейським регіоном, хоча з’ясування напряму та характеру цього зв’язку вимагає подальших досліджень.
Також відзначено окремі риси індустрії пам’ятки (присутність атипових чи бракованих виробів, кількісна перевага відходів виробництва над кінцевим продуктом, тривале збереження “архаїчного” елементу у матеріалах стоянки), які могли бути зумовлені наявністю близько розташованих та легко доступних джерел кам’яної сировини. Ці особливості також дозволяють розглядати палеолітичні культурні шари Куличівки як рештки майстерні, ймовірно багатофазового, сезонного заселення.
Куличівка, ранній верхній палеоліт, перехід від середнього до верхнього палеоліту, крем’яні вироби, Богуніце.
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An attempt to analyze briefly chronological, territorial and cultural analogies for the lower (IV and III) cultural horizons of multilayered site Kulychivka in Kremenets, Ternopil region is made at the article. Attention is focused on the sites of period of transition from Middle to Upper Paleolithic (further MP-UP transition), which are close to materials of Kulychivka in technical, topological or territorial-chronological aspects.
Synchronous industries from the adjacent regions are considered: Dnister River basin, Volhynia, Podillya, Trans-Carpathians, as well as more distant territories – Dnipro River basin, Donbas, Crimean peninsula, Kostyonky-Borshchiv Paleolithic centers. However, the closest analogy for materials from lower layers of Kulychivka is seen by the authors in sites of Bohunice industry (Czech Republic), or more widely, in Emiran–Bohunice complex, spread from Near East to Siberia and Northern China. Not only the common features in the technique of producing of tools, but also planigraphic features of location and proximity to sources of high-quality raw materials (Volhynian flint in the case of Kulychivka) are united those sites.
Existing technical and typological interpretations of the lower layers of the site, made by V. Savych, V. Stepanchuk and V. Kohen, M. Anikovich, L. Meignan, J.-M. Geneste, L. Kulakovska and O. Sytnyk are also analysed at the publication.
Considering the genesis of Paleolithic settlements in Kulychivka during MP-UP transition, the authors support hypothesis of migration link with Central European region, although further investigation is needed to clarify the direction and nature of this connection.
There are also some features of industry of the site (presence of atypical or defective products, quantitative predominance of production refuse over the final product, the long-term preservation of “archaic” elements in collections), which could be influenced by availability of close situated and easily accessible sources of stone raw materials. These features also allow considering Paleolithic cultural layers of Kulychivka as remains of prehistoric workshop, probably of multiphase, seasonal settlement.
Kulychivka, Early Upper Paleolithic, transition from Middle to Upper Paleolithic, flint artifacts, Bohunice.
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